Mit Reconquest erscheint am Dezember ein Echtzeitstrategiespiel, das sich an den Neunzigern orientiert, in denen das Genre besonders. At October, 9th, the Day of Comunidad Valenciana, there are commemorations of the reconquest of the town from the Moors. The Reconquest. 1 Std. 47 pyzamko.euische Dramen. Jahre nach ihrer einstigen Liaison verbringen Manuela und Olmo eine Nacht zusammen in Madrid.

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Hier findest du alle Infos zum Echtzeit-Strategiespiel Reconquest von StormCube Games für PC: Release, Gameplay und alles, was ihr wissen. Many translated example sentences containing "reconquest" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Am Dezember wird StormCube Games das Echtzeit-Strategiespiel reconquest für PC und Mac veröffentlichen. Es soll sich an. Mit Reconquest erscheint am Dezember ein Echtzeitstrategiespiel, das sich an den Neunzigern orientiert, in denen das Genre besonders. At October, 9th, the Day of Comunidad Valenciana, there are commemorations of the reconquest of the town from the Moors. The Reconquest. 1 Std. 47 pyzamko.euische Dramen. Jahre nach ihrer einstigen Liaison verbringen Manuela und Olmo eine Nacht zusammen in Madrid.

Many translated example sentences containing "reconquest" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. The Reconquest. 1 Std. 47 pyzamko.euische Dramen. Jahre nach ihrer einstigen Liaison verbringen Manuela und Olmo eine Nacht zusammen in Madrid. Mit Reconquest erscheint am Dezember ein Echtzeitstrategiespiel, das sich an den Neunzigern orientiert, in denen das Genre besonders.

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Folklore in the province of Burgos is of most varied origins. But the major part of today's palace was constructed after the Christian reconquest of the town in , by King Pedro "The Cruel". Am vielleicht beeindruckendsten sind aber wohl die Batallas de Moros y Cristianos, die "Kämpfe zwischen Christen und Mauren", Volksschauspiele, die an die Zeit der Rückeroberung Spaniens gedenken und von Tanz und Poesie begleitet werden..

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Reconquest - Urban Forces Gameplay Her areas of emphasis include the cultural and literary aspects of urban research, the past and present history of cities and urban architecture, and the philosophy of space in Japan. Again there are dancing K-Project Bs, fireworks and some of the most Sascha Grammel Ich FindS Lustig Trailer bullfights of Vierschanzentournee 2019. A very old tradition have the Hogueras de San Juan, bonfires for the summer solstice, with everyone dancing around the fires. But the major part of today's palace was constructed after the Christian Global Gladiator 2019 of the town inby King Pedro "The Cruel". Demnächst verfügbar.

From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English. I see this horrible spectre of reconquest which has been held out. In his poetry he continues to articulate the beliefs which cost him his official career, calling for reconquest of the north.

From Wikipedia. After the reconquest in , carving on the medieval templon approached sculpture in the round.

Melilla was immediately threatened with reconquest and was besieged during and Faced with the choice of either waging a war of reconquest or negotiating peace, the government chose negotiation.

All the efforts of the reconquest would now focus on taking this port. The process of reconquest began with variable fortunes.

Though he arrived too late to join in the reconquest of the city, he aided in the defense of the city the following year.

It takes us back to the time of reconquest battles and is one of the oldest towers in the province. He even had credible plans for the reconquest of the old colony.

Jin rulers attempted to develop this region as a center of rule and as a base for the reconquest of their homeland. Translations of reconquest in Chinese Traditional.

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James the Great were declared to have been found in Galicia, at Santiago de Compostela. Pilgrims from all over Europe opened a channel of communication between the isolated Asturias and the Carolingian lands and beyond, centuries later.

From the stronghold of Narbonne, they tried to conquer Aquitaine but suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse Ten years after halting their advance north, Odo of Aquitaine married his daughter to Uthman ibn Naissa , a rebel Berber and lord of Cerdanya perhaps all of contemporary Catalonia as well , in an attempt to secure his southern borders to fend off Charles Martel 's attacks on the north.

After expelling the Muslims from Narbonne in and driving their forces back over the Pyrenees, the Carolingian king Pepin the Short conquered Aquitaine in a ruthless eight-year war.

Charlemagne followed his father by subduing Aquitaine by creating counties, taking the Church as his ally and appointing counts of Frankish or Burgundian stock, like his loyal William of Gellone , making Toulouse his base for expeditions against Al-Andalus.

In , his three-year-old son Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine , under the supervision of Charlemagne's trustee William of Gellone, and was nominally in charge of the incipient Spanish March.

Abd ar-Rahman I expelled Yusuf from Cordova, [31] but it took still decades for him to expand to the north-western Andalusian districts.

He was also opposed externally by the Abbasids of Baghdad who failed in their attempts to overthrow him. In , Abd al-Rahman closed in on the Ebro valley.

Regional lords saw the Umayyad emir at the gates and decided to enlist the nearby Christian Franks. These rulers of Zaragoza , Girona , Barcelona , and Huesca were enemies of Abd ar-Rahman I, and in return for Frankish military aid against him offered their homage and allegiance.

Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in Near the city of Zaragoza Charlemagne received the homage of Sulayman al-Arabi.

However the city, under the leadership of Husayn , closed its gates and refused to submit. On the way home the rearguard of the army was ambushed and destroyed by Basque forces at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.

The Song of Roland , a highly romanticized account of this battle, would later become one of the most famous chansons de geste of the Middle Ages.

In Hisham proclaimed a jihad , advancing in against the Kingdom of Asturias and Carolingian Septimania Gothia.

They defeated William of Gellone, Count of Toulouse, in battle, but William led an expedition the following year across the eastern Pyrenees.

An army of the emir managed to recapture it in , but Louis, at the head of an army, crossed the Pyrenees and besieged the city for two years until it finally capitulated in Charlemagne established across them the vassal regions of Pamplona , Aragon , and Catalonia respectively.

Catalonia was itself formed from a number of small counties , including Pallars , Girona , and Urgell ; it was called the Marca Hispanica by the late 8th century.

They protected the eastern Pyrenees passes and shores and were under the direct control of the Frankish kings. By the end of the 10th century, Aragon, which then was just a county, was annexed by Navarre.

Sobrarbe and Ribagorza were small counties and had little significance to the progress of the Reconquista. In the late 9th century under Count Wilfred , Barcelona became the de facto capital of the region.

It controlled the other counties' policies in a union, which led in to the independence of Barcelona under Count Borrel II , who declared that the new dynasty in France the Capets were not the legitimate rulers of France nor, as a result, of his county.

These states were small and, with the exception of Navarre, did not have the capacity for attacking the Muslims in the way that Asturias did, but their mountainous geography rendered them relatively safe from being conquered, and their borders remained stable for two centuries.

It only later underwent a significant shift in meaning toward a religiously justified war of liberation see the Augustinian concept of a Just War.

The papacy and the influential Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy not only justified the acts of war but actively encouraged Christian knights to seek armed confrontation with Moorish "infidels" instead of with each other.

The military orders such as the Order of Santiago , Montesa , Order of Calatrava , and the Knights Templar were founded or called to fight in Hispania.

The Popes called the knights of Europe to join the effort to destroy the Muslim states of the peninsula. The large territories awarded to military orders and nobles were the origin of the latifundia in today's Andalusia and Extremadura in Spain, and Alentejo in Portugal.

Medieval Christian armies mainly comprised two types of forces: the cavalry mostly nobles, but including commoner knights from the 10th century on and the infantry, or peones peasants.

Infantry only went to war if needed, which was not frequent. In an atmosphere of constant conflict, warfare and daily life were strongly intertwined during this period.

These armies reflected the need for society to be on constant alert during the first chapters of the Reconquista. These forces were capable of moving long distances in short times.

Cavalry tactics in Hispania involved knights approaching the enemy, throwing javelins , then withdrawing to a safe distance before commencing another assault.

Once the enemy formation was sufficiently weakened, the knights charged with thrusting spears lances did not arrive in Hispania until the 11th century.

There were three types of knights caballeros : royal knights, noble knights caballeros hidalgos , and commoner knights caballeros villanos , or "mounted soldier from a villa ".

Royal knights were mainly nobles with a close relationship with the king, and thus claimed a direct Gothic inheritance. Royal knights in the early stages of the Reconquista were equipped in the same manner as their Gothic ancestors.

Noble knights came from the ranks of the infanzones or lower nobles, whereas the commoner knights were not noble but were wealthy enough to afford a horse.

Uniquely in Europe, these horsemen comprised a militia cavalry force with no feudal links, being under the sole control of the king or the count of Castile because of fueros charters with the crown.

Both noble and common knights wore padded armour and carried javelins, spears and round-tasselled shield influenced by Moorish shields , as well as a sword.

The peones were peasants who went to battle in service of their feudal lord. Poorly equipped, with bows and arrows, spears and short swords, they were mainly used as auxiliary troops.

Their function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry arrived and to block the enemy infantry from charging the knights.

The longbow , the composite bow , and the crossbow were the basic types of bows and were especially popular in the infantry.

In the early Middle Ages in Hispania, armour was typically made of leather, with iron scales. Head protections consisted of a round helmet with nose protector influenced by the designs used by Vikings , who attacked during the 8th and 9th centuries and a chain mail headpiece.

Shields were often round or kidney-shaped, except for the kite-shaped designs used by the royal knights. Usually adorned with geometric designs, crosses or tassels, shields were made out of wood and had a leather cover.

Steel swords were the most common weapon. The cavalry used long double-edged swords and the infantry short, single-edged ones.

Guards were either semicircular or straight, but always highly ornamented with geometrical patterns. Spears and javelins were up to 1.

Maces and hammers were not common, but some specimens have remained and are thought to have been used by members of the cavalry.

Finally, mercenaries were an important factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers available. Norsemen , Flemish spearmen, Frankish knights, Moorish mounted archers, and Berber light cavalry were the main types of mercenaries available and used in the conflict.

This style of warfare remained dominant in the Iberian Peninsula until the late 11th century, when lance tactics entered from France, although the traditional horse javelin-shot techniques continued to be used.

Armor consisted of a coat of mail over a quilted jacket, extending at least to the knees, a helmet or iron cap, and bracers protecting the arms and thighs, either metal or leather.

Shields were round or triangular, made of wood, covered with leather, and protected by an iron band; the shields of knights and nobles would bear the family's coat of arms.

Knights rode in both the Muslim style, a la jineta i. Horses were occasionally fitted with a coat of mail as well. Around the 14th and 15th centuries heavy cavalry gained a predominant role, including knights wearing full plate armor.

The northern principalities and kingdoms survived in their mountainous strongholds see above. However, they started a definite territorial expansion south at the turn of the 10th century Leon, Najera.

The fall of the Caliphate of Cordova heralded a period of military expansion for the northern kingdoms, now divided into several mighty regional powers after the division of the Kingdom of Navarre A myriad of autonomous Christian kingdoms emerged thereafter.

The Kingdom of Asturias was located in the Cantabrian Mountains , a wet and mountainous region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

It was the first Christian power to emerge. The kingdom was established by a Visigothic nobleman, named Pelagius Pelayo , who had possibly returned after the Battle of Guadalete in and was elected leader of the Asturians [34] , and the remnants of the gens Gothorum The Hispano-Gothic aristocracy and the Hispano-Visigothic population who took refuge in the North.

Historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says an unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy.

The population of the mountain region consisted of native Astures, Galicians, Cantabri, Basques and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society, [35] laying the foundations for the Kingdom of Asturias and starting the Astur-Leonese dynasty that spanned from to and led the initial efforts in the Iberian peninsula to take back the territories then ruled by the Moors.

Pelagius' kingdom initially was little more than a gathering point for the existing guerrilla forces.

During the first decades, the Asturian dominion over the different areas of the kingdom was still lax, and for this reason it had to be continually strengthened through matrimonial alliances with other powerful families from the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

Alfonso's military strategy was typical of Iberian warfare at the time. Lacking the means needed for wholesale conquest of large territories, his tactics consisted of raids in the border regions of Vardulia.

With the plunder he gained further military forces could be paid, enabling him to raid the Muslim cities of Lisbon , Zamora , and Coimbra.

Alfonso I also expanded his realm westwards conquering Galicia. During the reign of King Alfonso II — , the kingdom was firmly established, and a series of Muslim raids caused the transfer of the Asturian capital to Oviedo.

The king is believed to have initiated diplomatic contacts with the kings of Pamplona and the Carolingians , thereby gaining official recognition for his kingdom and his crown from the Pope and Charlemagne.

The bones of St. The cult of the saint was transferred later to Compostela from Latin campus stellae , literally "the star field" , possibly in the early 10th century when the focus of Asturian power moved from the mountains over to Leon, to become the Kingdom of Leon or Galicia-Leon.

Santiago's were among many saint relics proclaimed to have been found across north-western Hispania. Pilgrims started to flow in from other Iberian Christian realms, sowing the seeds of the later Way of Saint James 11—12th century that sparked the enthusiasm and religious zeal of continental Christian Europe for centuries.

Despite numerous battles, neither the Umayyads nor the Asturians had sufficient forces to secure control over these northern territories.

Under the reign of Ramiro , famed for the highly legendary Battle of Clavijo , the border began to slowly move southward and Asturian holdings in Castile , Galicia, and Leon were fortified, and an intensive program of re-population of the countryside began in those territories.

In the Kingdom of Asturias became the Kingdom of Leon , when Leon became the seat of the royal court it didn't bear any official name.

Alfonso III of Asturias repopulated the strategically important city Leon and established it as his capital. King Alfonso began a series of campaigns to establish control over all the lands north of the Douro river.

At his death in the shift in regional power was completed as the kingdom became the Kingdom of Leon. For the next 80 years, the Kingdom of Leon suffered civil wars, Moorish attack, internal intrigues and assassinations, and the partial independence of Galicia and Castile, thus delaying the reconquest and weakening the Christian forces.

It was not until the following century that the Christians started to see their conquests as part of a long-term effort to restore the unity of the Visigothic kingdom.

The only point during this period when the situation became hopeful for Leon was the reign of Ramiro II. After this defeat, Moorish attacks abated until Almanzor began his campaigns.

Alfonso V finally regained control over his domains in Navarre, though attacked by Almanzor, remained intact. The conquest of Leon did not include Galicia which was left to temporary independence after the withdrawal of the Leonese king.

Galicia was conquered soon after by Ferdinand, son of Sancho the Great, around However, this brief period of independence meant that Galicia remained a kingdom and fief of Leon, which is the reason it is part of Spain and not Portugal.

Subsequent kings titled themselves kings of Galicia and Leon, instead of merely king of Leon as the two were united personally and not in union. Ferdinand I of Leon was the leading king of the midth century.

He conquered Coimbra and attacked the taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias.

Ferdinand's strategy was to continue to demand parias until the taifa was greatly weakened both militarily and financially.

He also repopulated the Borders with numerous fueros. Following the Navarrese tradition, on his death in he divided his kingdom between his sons.

Sancho was killed in the siege of Zamora by the traitor Bellido Dolfos also known as Vellido Adolfo in Once he had secured the Borders, King Alfonso conquered the powerful Taifa kingdom of Toledo in Toledo , which was the former capital of the Visigoths, was a very important landmark, and the conquest made Alfonso renowned throughout the Christian world.

However, this "conquest" was conducted rather gradually, and mostly peacefully, during the course of several decades.

It was not until after sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered. Alfonso VI was first and foremost a tactful monarch who chose to understand the kings of taifa and employed unprecedented diplomatic measures to attain political feats before considering the use of force.

He adopted the title Imperator totius Hispaniae "Emperor of all Hispania ", referring to all the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, and not just the modern country of Spain.

Alfonso's more aggressive policy towards the taifas worried the rulers of those kingdoms, who called on the African Almoravids for help.

Although relatively weak until the early 11th century, Pamplona took a more active role after the accession of Sancho the Great — The kingdom expanded greatly under his reign, as it absorbed Castile, Leon, and what was to be Aragon, in addition to other small counties that would unite and become the Principality of Catalonia.

This expansion also led to the independence of Galicia, as well as gaining overlordship over Gascony. In the 12th century, however, the kingdom contracted to its core, and in King Sancho VI declared himself king of Navarre.

Throughout its early history, the Navarrese kingdom engaged in frequent skirmishes with the Carolingian Empire, from which it maintained its independence, a key feature of its history until The Kingdom of Aragon started off as an offshoot of the Kingdom of Navarre.

The kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre were several times united in personal union until the death of Alfonso the Battler in In the heiress of the kingdom married the count of Barcelona , and their son Alfonso II ruled from the combined possessions of his parents, resulting in what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon.

In the following centuries, the Crown of Aragon conquered a number of territories in the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, including the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca.

James I of Aragon , also known as James the Conqueror, expanded his territories to the north, south and east.

James also signed the Treaty of Corbeil , which released him from the nominal suzerainty of the King of France.

Later on, Ferdinand II of Aragon , married Isabella of Castile , leading to a dynastic union which eventually gave birth to modern Spain , after the conquest of Upper Navarre Navarre south of the Pyrenees and the kingdom of Granada.

In , after an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids , Afonso Henriques was proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops.

According to the legend, Christ announced from heaven [ citation needed ] Afonso's great deeds, whereby he would establish the first Portuguese Cortes at Lamego and be crowned by the Primate Archbishop of Braga.

With Portugal finally recognized as an independent kingdom by its neighbours, Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by Crusaders and the military monastic orders the Knights Templar , the Order of Aviz or the Order of Saint James , pushed the Moors to the Algarve on the southern coast of Portugal.

After several campaigns, the Portuguese part in the Reconquista came to an end with the definitive capture of the Algarve in With all of Portugal now under the control of Afonso III of Portugal , religious, cultural and ethnic groups became gradually homogenized.

After the completion of the Reconquista , the Portuguese territory was a Roman Catholic realm. Nonetheless, Denis of Portugal carried out a short war with Castile for possession of the towns of Serpa and Moura.

After this, Denis avoided war; he signed the Treaty of Alcanizes with Ferdinand IV of Castile in , establishing the present-day borders.

Denis believed that the Order's assets should by their nature stay in any given Order instead of being taken by the King, largely for the Templars' contribution to the Reconquista and the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars.

The experience gained during the battles of the Reconquista was fundamental to Conquest of Ceuta , [ citation needed ] the first step to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire.

Likewise, the contact with Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences enabled the creation of Portuguese nautical innovations such as the caravel — the principal Portuguese ship during their voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery.

Clashes and raids on bordering Andalusian lands did not keep the Christian kingdoms from battling among themselves or allying with Muslim kings.

Some Muslim kings had Christian-born wives or mothers. Some Christian warriors, like El Cid , were contracted by taifa kings to fight against their neighbours.

Indeed, El Cid 's first battle experience was gained fighting for a Muslim state against a Christian state. There is even an instance of a crusade being declared against another Christian king in Hispania.

Early in , at the request of Sancho I , King of Portugal, Pope Celestine III declared a crusade against Alfonso IX and released his subjects from their responsibilities to the king, declaring that "the men of his realm shall be absolved from their fidelity and his dominion by authority of the apostolic see.

In the face of this onslaught combined with pressure from the Pope, Alfonso IX was finally forced to sue for peace in October In the late years of Al-Andalus , Castile had the might to conquer the remnants of the kingdom of Granada , but the kings preferred to wait and claim the tribute of the Muslim parias.

The trade of Granadan goods and the parias were a major means by which African gold entered medieval Europe. The Reconquista was a process not only of war and conquest, but also of repopulation.

Christian kings moved their own people to locations abandoned by Muslims in order to have a population capable of defending the borders.

The main repopulation areas were the Douro Basin the northern plateau , the high Ebro valley La Rioja and central Catalonia. The repopulation of the Douro Basin took place in two distinct phases.

North of the river, between the 9th and 10th centuries, the "pressure" or presura system was employed. South of the Douro , in the 10th and 11th centuries, the presura led to the "charters" forais or fueros.

Fueros were used even south of the Central Range. The presura referred to a group of peasants who crossed the mountains and settled in the abandoned lands of the Douro Basin.

Asturian laws promoted this system, for instance granting a peasant all the land he was able to work and defend as his own property.

Of course, Asturian and Galician minor nobles and clergymen sent their own expeditions with the peasants they maintained. This led to very feudalised areas, such as Leon and Portugal, whereas Castile, an arid land with vast plains and harsh climate, only attracted peasants with no hope in Biscay.

As a consequence, Castile was governed by a single count, but had a largely non-feudal territory with many free peasants.

Presuras also appear in Catalonia, when the count of Barcelona ordered the Bishop of Urgell and the count of Gerona to repopulate the plains of Vic.

During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing.

Fueros were charters documenting the privileges and usages given to all the people repopulating a town. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system , as fueros were only granted by the monarch.

As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and, in turn, was required to provide auxilium — aid or troops — for their monarch.

The military force of the towns became the caballeros villanos. The most important towns of medieval Hispania had fueros , or forais.

In Navarre, fueros were the main repopulating system. Later on, in the 12th century, Aragon also employed the system; for example, the fuero of Teruel , which was one of the last fueros, in the early 13th century.

From the midth century on, no more charters were granted, as the demographic pressure had disappeared and other means of re-population were created.

Fueros remained as city charters until the 18th century in Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia and until the 19th century in Castile and Navarre.

Fueros had an immense importance for those living under them, who were prepared to go to war to defend their rights under the charter. In the 19th century, the abolition of the fueros in Navarre would be one of the causes of the Carlist Wars.

During the 9th century the Berbers returned to North Africa in the aftermath of revolts. He took all the military, religious, and political power and reorganised the army and the bureaucracy.

After regaining control over the dissident governors, Abd-ar-Rahman III tried to conquer the remaining Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, attacking them several times and forcing them back beyond the Cantabrian Mountains.

Abd-ar-Rahman's grandson later became a puppet in the hands of the great Vizier Almanzor al-Mansur , "the victorious". Almanzor waged several campaigns attacking and sacking Burgos , Leon, Pamplona , Barcelona , and Santiago de Compostela before his death in Between Almanzor's death and , Al-Andalus suffered many civil wars, which ended in the division into the Taifa kingdoms.

He conquered Ottfried Preußler and attacked the taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias. Archived Little Berlin the original on February 21, What is the pronunciation of reconquest? Once the enemy formation was sufficiently weakened, the knights charged Us Stream thrusting spears lances did not arrive in Hispania until the 11th century. Affe Häkeln as PDF Printable version. After the reconquest incarving on the medieval templon approached sculpture in the round.

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Fr. Colm Power - The reconquest of IRELAND!!!

Around , a Muslim military expedition was sent into the north in late summer to suppress a rebellion led by Pelagius of Asturias Pelayo in Spanish, Pelayu in Asturian.

Traditional historiography has hailed Pelagius' victory at Covadonga as the beginning of the Reconquista. Two northern realms, Navarre [26] and Asturias, despite their small size, demonstrated an ability to maintain their independence.

Arab-Berber forces made periodic incursions deep into Asturias, but this area was a cul-de-sac on the fringes of the Islamic world fraught with inconveniences during campaigns and little interest.

It comes then as no surprise that, besides focusing on raiding the Arab-Berber strongholds of the Meseta, Alphonse I centred on expanding his domains at the expense of the neighbouring Galicians and Basques at either side of his realm just as much.

After Pelayo's death in , his son Favila of Asturias was elected king. Favila, according to the chronicles, was killed by a bear during a trial of courage.

Pelayo's dynasty in Asturias survived and gradually expanded the kingdom's boundaries until all of northwest Hispania was included by roughly However, credit is due to him and to his successors, the Banu Alfons from the Arab chronicles.

Further expansion of the northwestern kingdom towards the south occurred during the reign of Alfonso II from — A king's expedition arrived in and pillaged Lisbon in , probably concerted with the Carolingians.

During his reign, the bones of St. James the Great were declared to have been found in Galicia, at Santiago de Compostela.

Pilgrims from all over Europe opened a channel of communication between the isolated Asturias and the Carolingian lands and beyond, centuries later.

From the stronghold of Narbonne, they tried to conquer Aquitaine but suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse Ten years after halting their advance north, Odo of Aquitaine married his daughter to Uthman ibn Naissa , a rebel Berber and lord of Cerdanya perhaps all of contemporary Catalonia as well , in an attempt to secure his southern borders to fend off Charles Martel 's attacks on the north.

After expelling the Muslims from Narbonne in and driving their forces back over the Pyrenees, the Carolingian king Pepin the Short conquered Aquitaine in a ruthless eight-year war.

Charlemagne followed his father by subduing Aquitaine by creating counties, taking the Church as his ally and appointing counts of Frankish or Burgundian stock, like his loyal William of Gellone , making Toulouse his base for expeditions against Al-Andalus.

In , his three-year-old son Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine , under the supervision of Charlemagne's trustee William of Gellone, and was nominally in charge of the incipient Spanish March.

Abd ar-Rahman I expelled Yusuf from Cordova, [31] but it took still decades for him to expand to the north-western Andalusian districts.

He was also opposed externally by the Abbasids of Baghdad who failed in their attempts to overthrow him.

In , Abd al-Rahman closed in on the Ebro valley. Regional lords saw the Umayyad emir at the gates and decided to enlist the nearby Christian Franks.

These rulers of Zaragoza , Girona , Barcelona , and Huesca were enemies of Abd ar-Rahman I, and in return for Frankish military aid against him offered their homage and allegiance.

Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in Near the city of Zaragoza Charlemagne received the homage of Sulayman al-Arabi.

However the city, under the leadership of Husayn , closed its gates and refused to submit. On the way home the rearguard of the army was ambushed and destroyed by Basque forces at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.

The Song of Roland , a highly romanticized account of this battle, would later become one of the most famous chansons de geste of the Middle Ages.

In Hisham proclaimed a jihad , advancing in against the Kingdom of Asturias and Carolingian Septimania Gothia. They defeated William of Gellone, Count of Toulouse, in battle, but William led an expedition the following year across the eastern Pyrenees.

An army of the emir managed to recapture it in , but Louis, at the head of an army, crossed the Pyrenees and besieged the city for two years until it finally capitulated in Charlemagne established across them the vassal regions of Pamplona , Aragon , and Catalonia respectively.

Catalonia was itself formed from a number of small counties , including Pallars , Girona , and Urgell ; it was called the Marca Hispanica by the late 8th century.

They protected the eastern Pyrenees passes and shores and were under the direct control of the Frankish kings. By the end of the 10th century, Aragon, which then was just a county, was annexed by Navarre.

Sobrarbe and Ribagorza were small counties and had little significance to the progress of the Reconquista. In the late 9th century under Count Wilfred , Barcelona became the de facto capital of the region.

It controlled the other counties' policies in a union, which led in to the independence of Barcelona under Count Borrel II , who declared that the new dynasty in France the Capets were not the legitimate rulers of France nor, as a result, of his county.

These states were small and, with the exception of Navarre, did not have the capacity for attacking the Muslims in the way that Asturias did, but their mountainous geography rendered them relatively safe from being conquered, and their borders remained stable for two centuries.

It only later underwent a significant shift in meaning toward a religiously justified war of liberation see the Augustinian concept of a Just War.

The papacy and the influential Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy not only justified the acts of war but actively encouraged Christian knights to seek armed confrontation with Moorish "infidels" instead of with each other.

The military orders such as the Order of Santiago , Montesa , Order of Calatrava , and the Knights Templar were founded or called to fight in Hispania.

The Popes called the knights of Europe to join the effort to destroy the Muslim states of the peninsula. The large territories awarded to military orders and nobles were the origin of the latifundia in today's Andalusia and Extremadura in Spain, and Alentejo in Portugal.

Medieval Christian armies mainly comprised two types of forces: the cavalry mostly nobles, but including commoner knights from the 10th century on and the infantry, or peones peasants.

Infantry only went to war if needed, which was not frequent. In an atmosphere of constant conflict, warfare and daily life were strongly intertwined during this period.

These armies reflected the need for society to be on constant alert during the first chapters of the Reconquista. These forces were capable of moving long distances in short times.

Cavalry tactics in Hispania involved knights approaching the enemy, throwing javelins , then withdrawing to a safe distance before commencing another assault.

Once the enemy formation was sufficiently weakened, the knights charged with thrusting spears lances did not arrive in Hispania until the 11th century.

There were three types of knights caballeros : royal knights, noble knights caballeros hidalgos , and commoner knights caballeros villanos , or "mounted soldier from a villa ".

Royal knights were mainly nobles with a close relationship with the king, and thus claimed a direct Gothic inheritance. Royal knights in the early stages of the Reconquista were equipped in the same manner as their Gothic ancestors.

Noble knights came from the ranks of the infanzones or lower nobles, whereas the commoner knights were not noble but were wealthy enough to afford a horse.

Uniquely in Europe, these horsemen comprised a militia cavalry force with no feudal links, being under the sole control of the king or the count of Castile because of fueros charters with the crown.

Both noble and common knights wore padded armour and carried javelins, spears and round-tasselled shield influenced by Moorish shields , as well as a sword.

The peones were peasants who went to battle in service of their feudal lord. Poorly equipped, with bows and arrows, spears and short swords, they were mainly used as auxiliary troops.

Their function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry arrived and to block the enemy infantry from charging the knights. The longbow , the composite bow , and the crossbow were the basic types of bows and were especially popular in the infantry.

In the early Middle Ages in Hispania, armour was typically made of leather, with iron scales. Head protections consisted of a round helmet with nose protector influenced by the designs used by Vikings , who attacked during the 8th and 9th centuries and a chain mail headpiece.

Shields were often round or kidney-shaped, except for the kite-shaped designs used by the royal knights. Usually adorned with geometric designs, crosses or tassels, shields were made out of wood and had a leather cover.

Steel swords were the most common weapon. The cavalry used long double-edged swords and the infantry short, single-edged ones. Guards were either semicircular or straight, but always highly ornamented with geometrical patterns.

Spears and javelins were up to 1. Maces and hammers were not common, but some specimens have remained and are thought to have been used by members of the cavalry.

Finally, mercenaries were an important factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers available. Norsemen , Flemish spearmen, Frankish knights, Moorish mounted archers, and Berber light cavalry were the main types of mercenaries available and used in the conflict.

This style of warfare remained dominant in the Iberian Peninsula until the late 11th century, when lance tactics entered from France, although the traditional horse javelin-shot techniques continued to be used.

Armor consisted of a coat of mail over a quilted jacket, extending at least to the knees, a helmet or iron cap, and bracers protecting the arms and thighs, either metal or leather.

Shields were round or triangular, made of wood, covered with leather, and protected by an iron band; the shields of knights and nobles would bear the family's coat of arms.

Knights rode in both the Muslim style, a la jineta i. Horses were occasionally fitted with a coat of mail as well. Around the 14th and 15th centuries heavy cavalry gained a predominant role, including knights wearing full plate armor.

The northern principalities and kingdoms survived in their mountainous strongholds see above. However, they started a definite territorial expansion south at the turn of the 10th century Leon, Najera.

The fall of the Caliphate of Cordova heralded a period of military expansion for the northern kingdoms, now divided into several mighty regional powers after the division of the Kingdom of Navarre A myriad of autonomous Christian kingdoms emerged thereafter.

The Kingdom of Asturias was located in the Cantabrian Mountains , a wet and mountainous region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

It was the first Christian power to emerge. The kingdom was established by a Visigothic nobleman, named Pelagius Pelayo , who had possibly returned after the Battle of Guadalete in and was elected leader of the Asturians [34] , and the remnants of the gens Gothorum The Hispano-Gothic aristocracy and the Hispano-Visigothic population who took refuge in the North.

Historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says an unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy.

The population of the mountain region consisted of native Astures, Galicians, Cantabri, Basques and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society, [35] laying the foundations for the Kingdom of Asturias and starting the Astur-Leonese dynasty that spanned from to and led the initial efforts in the Iberian peninsula to take back the territories then ruled by the Moors.

Pelagius' kingdom initially was little more than a gathering point for the existing guerrilla forces. During the first decades, the Asturian dominion over the different areas of the kingdom was still lax, and for this reason it had to be continually strengthened through matrimonial alliances with other powerful families from the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

Alfonso's military strategy was typical of Iberian warfare at the time. Lacking the means needed for wholesale conquest of large territories, his tactics consisted of raids in the border regions of Vardulia.

With the plunder he gained further military forces could be paid, enabling him to raid the Muslim cities of Lisbon , Zamora , and Coimbra.

Alfonso I also expanded his realm westwards conquering Galicia. During the reign of King Alfonso II — , the kingdom was firmly established, and a series of Muslim raids caused the transfer of the Asturian capital to Oviedo.

The king is believed to have initiated diplomatic contacts with the kings of Pamplona and the Carolingians , thereby gaining official recognition for his kingdom and his crown from the Pope and Charlemagne.

The bones of St. The cult of the saint was transferred later to Compostela from Latin campus stellae , literally "the star field" , possibly in the early 10th century when the focus of Asturian power moved from the mountains over to Leon, to become the Kingdom of Leon or Galicia-Leon.

Santiago's were among many saint relics proclaimed to have been found across north-western Hispania. Pilgrims started to flow in from other Iberian Christian realms, sowing the seeds of the later Way of Saint James 11—12th century that sparked the enthusiasm and religious zeal of continental Christian Europe for centuries.

Despite numerous battles, neither the Umayyads nor the Asturians had sufficient forces to secure control over these northern territories.

Under the reign of Ramiro , famed for the highly legendary Battle of Clavijo , the border began to slowly move southward and Asturian holdings in Castile , Galicia, and Leon were fortified, and an intensive program of re-population of the countryside began in those territories.

In the Kingdom of Asturias became the Kingdom of Leon , when Leon became the seat of the royal court it didn't bear any official name.

Alfonso III of Asturias repopulated the strategically important city Leon and established it as his capital.

King Alfonso began a series of campaigns to establish control over all the lands north of the Douro river. At his death in the shift in regional power was completed as the kingdom became the Kingdom of Leon.

For the next 80 years, the Kingdom of Leon suffered civil wars, Moorish attack, internal intrigues and assassinations, and the partial independence of Galicia and Castile, thus delaying the reconquest and weakening the Christian forces.

It was not until the following century that the Christians started to see their conquests as part of a long-term effort to restore the unity of the Visigothic kingdom.

The only point during this period when the situation became hopeful for Leon was the reign of Ramiro II.

After this defeat, Moorish attacks abated until Almanzor began his campaigns. Alfonso V finally regained control over his domains in Navarre, though attacked by Almanzor, remained intact.

The conquest of Leon did not include Galicia which was left to temporary independence after the withdrawal of the Leonese king.

Galicia was conquered soon after by Ferdinand, son of Sancho the Great, around However, this brief period of independence meant that Galicia remained a kingdom and fief of Leon, which is the reason it is part of Spain and not Portugal.

Subsequent kings titled themselves kings of Galicia and Leon, instead of merely king of Leon as the two were united personally and not in union.

Ferdinand I of Leon was the leading king of the midth century. He conquered Coimbra and attacked the taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias.

Ferdinand's strategy was to continue to demand parias until the taifa was greatly weakened both militarily and financially.

He also repopulated the Borders with numerous fueros. Following the Navarrese tradition, on his death in he divided his kingdom between his sons.

Sancho was killed in the siege of Zamora by the traitor Bellido Dolfos also known as Vellido Adolfo in Once he had secured the Borders, King Alfonso conquered the powerful Taifa kingdom of Toledo in Toledo , which was the former capital of the Visigoths, was a very important landmark, and the conquest made Alfonso renowned throughout the Christian world.

However, this "conquest" was conducted rather gradually, and mostly peacefully, during the course of several decades. It was not until after sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered.

Alfonso VI was first and foremost a tactful monarch who chose to understand the kings of taifa and employed unprecedented diplomatic measures to attain political feats before considering the use of force.

He adopted the title Imperator totius Hispaniae "Emperor of all Hispania ", referring to all the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, and not just the modern country of Spain.

Alfonso's more aggressive policy towards the taifas worried the rulers of those kingdoms, who called on the African Almoravids for help.

Although relatively weak until the early 11th century, Pamplona took a more active role after the accession of Sancho the Great — The kingdom expanded greatly under his reign, as it absorbed Castile, Leon, and what was to be Aragon, in addition to other small counties that would unite and become the Principality of Catalonia.

This expansion also led to the independence of Galicia, as well as gaining overlordship over Gascony. In the 12th century, however, the kingdom contracted to its core, and in King Sancho VI declared himself king of Navarre.

Throughout its early history, the Navarrese kingdom engaged in frequent skirmishes with the Carolingian Empire, from which it maintained its independence, a key feature of its history until The Kingdom of Aragon started off as an offshoot of the Kingdom of Navarre.

The kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre were several times united in personal union until the death of Alfonso the Battler in In the heiress of the kingdom married the count of Barcelona , and their son Alfonso II ruled from the combined possessions of his parents, resulting in what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon.

In the following centuries, the Crown of Aragon conquered a number of territories in the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, including the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca.

James I of Aragon , also known as James the Conqueror, expanded his territories to the north, south and east. James also signed the Treaty of Corbeil , which released him from the nominal suzerainty of the King of France.

Later on, Ferdinand II of Aragon , married Isabella of Castile , leading to a dynastic union which eventually gave birth to modern Spain , after the conquest of Upper Navarre Navarre south of the Pyrenees and the kingdom of Granada.

In , after an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids , Afonso Henriques was proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops.

According to the legend, Christ announced from heaven [ citation needed ] Afonso's great deeds, whereby he would establish the first Portuguese Cortes at Lamego and be crowned by the Primate Archbishop of Braga.

With Portugal finally recognized as an independent kingdom by its neighbours, Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by Crusaders and the military monastic orders the Knights Templar , the Order of Aviz or the Order of Saint James , pushed the Moors to the Algarve on the southern coast of Portugal.

After several campaigns, the Portuguese part in the Reconquista came to an end with the definitive capture of the Algarve in With all of Portugal now under the control of Afonso III of Portugal , religious, cultural and ethnic groups became gradually homogenized.

After the completion of the Reconquista , the Portuguese territory was a Roman Catholic realm. Nonetheless, Denis of Portugal carried out a short war with Castile for possession of the towns of Serpa and Moura.

After this, Denis avoided war; he signed the Treaty of Alcanizes with Ferdinand IV of Castile in , establishing the present-day borders.

Denis believed that the Order's assets should by their nature stay in any given Order instead of being taken by the King, largely for the Templars' contribution to the Reconquista and the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars.

The experience gained during the battles of the Reconquista was fundamental to Conquest of Ceuta , [ citation needed ] the first step to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire.

Likewise, the contact with Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences enabled the creation of Portuguese nautical innovations such as the caravel — the principal Portuguese ship during their voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery.

Clashes and raids on bordering Andalusian lands did not keep the Christian kingdoms from battling among themselves or allying with Muslim kings.

Some Muslim kings had Christian-born wives or mothers. Some Christian warriors, like El Cid , were contracted by taifa kings to fight against their neighbours.

Indeed, El Cid 's first battle experience was gained fighting for a Muslim state against a Christian state. There is even an instance of a crusade being declared against another Christian king in Hispania.

Early in , at the request of Sancho I , King of Portugal, Pope Celestine III declared a crusade against Alfonso IX and released his subjects from their responsibilities to the king, declaring that "the men of his realm shall be absolved from their fidelity and his dominion by authority of the apostolic see.

In the face of this onslaught combined with pressure from the Pope, Alfonso IX was finally forced to sue for peace in October In the late years of Al-Andalus , Castile had the might to conquer the remnants of the kingdom of Granada , but the kings preferred to wait and claim the tribute of the Muslim parias.

The trade of Granadan goods and the parias were a major means by which African gold entered medieval Europe. The Reconquista was a process not only of war and conquest, but also of repopulation.

Christian kings moved their own people to locations abandoned by Muslims in order to have a population capable of defending the borders.

The main repopulation areas were the Douro Basin the northern plateau , the high Ebro valley La Rioja and central Catalonia. The repopulation of the Douro Basin took place in two distinct phases.

North of the river, between the 9th and 10th centuries, the "pressure" or presura system was employed. South of the Douro , in the 10th and 11th centuries, the presura led to the "charters" forais or fueros.

Fueros were used even south of the Central Range. The presura referred to a group of peasants who crossed the mountains and settled in the abandoned lands of the Douro Basin.

Asturian laws promoted this system, for instance granting a peasant all the land he was able to work and defend as his own property.

Of course, Asturian and Galician minor nobles and clergymen sent their own expeditions with the peasants they maintained. This led to very feudalised areas, such as Leon and Portugal, whereas Castile, an arid land with vast plains and harsh climate, only attracted peasants with no hope in Biscay.

As a consequence, Castile was governed by a single count, but had a largely non-feudal territory with many free peasants.

Presuras also appear in Catalonia, when the count of Barcelona ordered the Bishop of Urgell and the count of Gerona to repopulate the plains of Vic.

During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing.

Fueros were charters documenting the privileges and usages given to all the people repopulating a town. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system , as fueros were only granted by the monarch.

As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and, in turn, was required to provide auxilium — aid or troops — for their monarch.

The military force of the towns became the caballeros villanos. The most important towns of medieval Hispania had fueros , or forais. The Real Story of 'Disinformation' We'll try to clear it up.

We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice?

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Build a city of skyscrapers—one synonym at a time. Login or Register. Save Word. Definition of reconquest.

First Known Use of reconquest , in the meaning defined above. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More about reconquest. Time Traveler for reconquest The first known use of reconquest was in See more words from the same year.

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Der Eintrag wurde Ihren Favoriten hinzugefügt. Besuche GameStar wie gewohnt mit Werbung und Tracking. Das macht das Echtzeit-Strategiespiel zwar Stream Tschick noch nicht zu einer Empfehlung, aber doch Japan Essen genug, um es sich mal anzuschauen. The festival Fiestas de Moros y Cristianos, which showcases the fights between Moors and Christians during the Reconquista, the reconquest of Spain. After the reconquest of Seville Trauma Filmthe complex served as a residence for the kings of Castile. Für diese Funktion ist es erforderlich, sich anzumelden oder sich kostenlos zu registrieren. Nur angemeldete Benutzer können kommentieren und bewerten.